AIM2 Inflammasome

Inflammasomes are instruments of the innate immune system that are responsible for the activation of inflammatory reactions. Inflammasomes are cytosolic (intracellular) multi-protein complexes (Martinon F et al. 2002), which are predominantly found in immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, but also in epithelia of the skin and mucous membranes (intestinal and urinary bladder epithelia). The activation of the inflammasome promotes the proteolytic cleavage, maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL1 beta) and interleukin-18 (IL18) as well as the cleavage of gas dermin D. The N-terminal fragment resulting from gasdermin D cleavage, triggers a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death of pyroptosis and is responsible for the secretion of mature cytokines, presumably through the formation of pores in the plasma membrane (Broz P et al. 2016). In addition, inflammasomes can also trigger a special form of programmed cell death, PANOptosis, which has essential features of apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis (Zhuang L et al.2023).

Inflammasome activation is triggered by different types of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), either microbe-derived (pathogen-associated molecular patterns/PAMPs) or host cell-derived (damage-associated molecular patterns/DAMPs). The pattern recognition receptors involved in inflammasomes include so-called NLRs (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors) as well as AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2), IFI16 (IFN-inducible protein 16) and pyrin (Broz P et al. 2016).

The inflammasome receptors interact with the adaptor protein ASC via their caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) or via the pyrin domain (PYD), which then activates caspase-1 via its CARD domain by proteolytic cleavage (Broz P et al. 2016). Finally, the activated caspase-1 cleaves the immature pro-inflammatory cytokines pro-IL-1beta and pro-IL-18 as well as gas dermin D into their active end stages. IL1 beta and IL18 in particular are responsible for inflammatory signaling and pyroptotic cell death.

In addition to these so-called canonical inflammasomes, non-canonical inflammasome complexes have also been described that act independently of caspase-1. In animal experiments, non-canonical inflammasomes can be activated by direct recognition of cytosolic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In human cells, the corresponding caspases of the non-canonical inflammasome are caspase 4 and caspase 5 (Broz P et al. 2016).

So far, inflammasomes have mainly been detected in professional immune cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages and neutrophils. However, it is now known that inflammasome components are expressed in epithelial barrier tissues (Winsor N et al. 2019). In the case of dysregulation of inflammasome activation, this can lead to significant disorders of innate immunity, chronic inflammatory states, tumor formation, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases (Ippagunta SK et al. 2011).

AIM2 stands for "Absent In Melanoma 2". AIM2 is a member of the IFI20X/IFI16 family. It plays a putative role in the control of cell proliferation. The AIM2 inflammasome is a detector of cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and plays an important role in coordinating immune defense against DNA viral infections as well as intracellular bacterial infections (Broz P et al. 2016). AIM2 is activated by viral dsDNA, bacterial dsDNA and is therefore associated with various diseases. For example, it has been postulated that auto-inflammation in psoriasis could be related to the recognition of its own DNA by AIM2 (Broz P et al. 2016). In addition, the activation of AIM2 could play an additive role in autoimmunological diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The AIM2 inflammasome is also activated by pharmacological disruption of nuclear envelope integrity (Di Micco A et al. 2016). The PYD domain of AIM2 interacts homotypically with ASC through PYD-PYD interactions. The ASC-CARD domain recruits pro-caspase-1 into the complex. Caspase-1 ultimately leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18).

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