Platelet factor 4

Synonym(s)

CXCL4; PF4

Definition
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Chemokine (see also CXCL4) formed by platelets that binds to glucosaminoglycans of endothelial cells.

General information
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High affinity to heparin, after intravenous heparin administration PF4 may detach from the vessel wall and enter the circulation. The platelet factor 4/heparin complex represents the antigen in type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II - D69.58). In previously sensitized patients, thrombocytes drop (>50% of the initial value) within a few hours after heparin administration. Clinically, this results in a "white clot syndrome" with the occurrence of life-threatening thromboses.

Literature
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Gleissner CA (2012) Platelet-derived chemokines in atherogenesis: what's new? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 10:563-569.
Lasagni L et al (2007) PF-4/CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 exhibit distinct subcellular localization and a differentially regulated mechanism of secretion. Blood 109: 4127-4134.
Quemener C et al (2016) Dual Roles for CXCL4 Chemokines and CXCR3 in Angiogenesis and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 76:6507-6519.
Struyf S et al (2004) Platelets release CXCL4L1, a nonallelic variant of the chemokine platelet factor-4/CXCL4 and potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Circ Res 95: 855-857.
Vandercappellen J et al (2011) The role of the CXC chemokines platelet factor-4 (CXCL4/PF-4) and its variant (CXCL4L1/PF-4var) in inflammation, angiogenesis and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 22:1-18.
van Bon L et al (2014) Proteome-wide analysis and CXCL4 as a biomarker in systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 370:433-443.
Volkmann ER et al (2016) Changes in plasma CXCL4 levels are associated with improvements in lung function in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy for systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Res Ther 18:305.
Wang Z et al (2013) Platelet factor-4 (CXCL4/PF-4): an angiostatic chemokine for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 331:147-153.
Zaldivar MM et al (2010) CXC chemokine ligand 4 (Cxcl4) is a platelet-derived mediator of experimental liver fibrosis. Hepatology 51: 1345-1353.